Wednesday, 17 February 2016

Pro AV Market Maps: Rapid Growth Masks Change

AV Magazine

Pro AV markets in EMEA continue to grow faster than the economies of the countries in the region, but future growth forecasts are notoriously unreliable. Peter Lloyd looks at overall market performance and changes to product sectors. Adrian Pennington surveys user attitudes and routes to market.

Benelux: Hotbeds of potential exist in a conservative market
How would you describe the current business climate for AV?
Wouter Dierinck, business unit manager, TD Maverick: Compared to just four or five years ago, the potential is very good.
Filip Cogghe, key account manager NEC: The region is three to four years behind the UK. Government investment in AV for public services like health and education is static at best.
Gwenaelle Villette, business development manager, Peerless-AV: Experiencing satisfying and stable growth despite a volatile economic and political situation.
Should Benelux be treated as one zone?
Cogghe: Many people make the mistake of thinking they can manage Benelux from the Netherlands. If a company is based in Holland there’s a huge problem selling in Belgium because few people in the Netherlands speak French.
Dierinck: Language can be the difference between success – and real repeat business success – here. Nevertheless, the Dutch and Belgians understand each other very well and there are more things that are aligned than real differences.
How would you characterise user attitudes to AV?
David Van Dem Berg, regional sales manager, Polycom: Generally, clients require a deeper understanding of the value AV adds to their business overall to help justify their investments.
Dierinck: The Netherlands tends to be more experimental. Belgium can be more conservative – there’s a cultural attitude to prove that it makes sense from a business perspective. Belgium also tends to be more brand loyal, with distributors and partners going for things that they know fits them well. 
Which verticals are showing growth?
Jan Breel, ceo, Avtrade: Corporate AV is the bread and butter of the Benelux, but there’s been substantial investment in cultural venues, such as the Continium Discovery Centre, Kerkrade and National Military Museum, Soesterberg. Broadly, the Netherlands is installation-orientated whereas the rental market is stronger in Belgium.
Dierinck: Businesses are looking to improve their meeting spaces and want more than just a classic projector-based way of working to bring their companies to life. The Benelux is also prominent in EDM (Electronic Dance Music) and hosts some of the world’s highest profile music festivals.
Does the route to market differ?
Steven Kemland, manager, Face: The step between a manufacturer and the end user is much smaller in Belgium than in most other countries. A distributor is, in many cases, distributor, dealer and integrator in one.
What does it take to be successful there?
Dierinck: Collaborate with a local player or speak the language natively. There’s an attitude that business is done by people, and invoicing is done by business. It is a very local way of working.
Where are the regional hotspots?
AV Magazine: Netflix and Uber established European HQs in Amsterdam; Delft is a hotbed of youth innovation, housing the country’s largest tech university; the OECD ranks Eindhoven as a world-leading city for invention.
Han Dohmen, sales manager, L-Acoustics: In Belgium, tech companies are concentrated around Leuven. There’s a very active corridor between Brussels and Antwerp.
Dierinck: Now is the moment to invest in the south of Belgium (and Luxembourg). Education is a growth area. The European Schoolnet aims to link 29,000 schools.
Germany: ‘Hidden champions’
Describe the current business climate
Stefan Kruger, sales director, DACH and Eastern Europe, Peerless-AV: In a slight decline which will impact the AV market. However, new innovations continue to help offset some of this.
Hans Stucken, senior marketing executive, Absen: Overall economic growth is stable but the Euro is very weak which has advantages and disadvantages, depending on how your business is structured.
Tobias Stumpfl, ceo, AV Stumpfl: Germany’s economy is largely driven by car manufacturers. If they are in bad shape (as VW is) then they cancel events or make them smaller.
What are the characteristics of German AV?
Kruger: Very particular about the quality of products and solutions. Product aesthetics, as well as the functionality, is key.
Stumpfl: Many decisions are made through structures and need to be approved by multiple bodies. This results in long preparation times, but high-quality decision making.
Oliver Schwendke, key account manager, GLP: Innovative, with far-reaching applications in TV, events, touring and exhibitions. And long product cycles.
Reto Brader, vice-president of sales, Barix: Perfection! German clients are well-educated and looking for the perfect fit in terms of quality, functionality and price. End users have lots of experience and a clear idea of what they want. There is limited willingness to pay for features outside the scope of the requirement specification.
Stucken: The US and UK still have a huge influence on developments related to the look and feel of many events and installations.
Where are the hotspots of activity and investment?
Kruger: Munich is very influential in the development of local AV. There are major digital signage projects in Munich, Stuttgart, Berlin as well as in Austria and Switzerland. Retail, transport and museums are all looking to create a more positive customer experience.
Brader: The upgrade of the country’s internet infrastructure will foster internet-based AV solutions in the coming years.
Stucken: There are an incredible number of ‘hidden champion’ companies that might not be based in one of the traditionally bigger commercial centres but in very small towns instead. And still they might be the market leader in a particular segment.
Which product sectors are in demand now?
Kruger: Large format digital signage in all forms from in-window displays to wayfinding kiosks to giant video walls.
Schwendke: Brighter LED lights and alternative sources, such as laser.
Stucken: Premium-quality LED products.
Which market verticals are seeing strong growth?
Brader: Wherever consumers interact with companies: bank outlets, restaurants, retail stores, car dealerships, fitness centres, hair and beauty salons. These all desire to improve the customer experience and enhance their brand recognition without adding expensive labour resources.
Stumpfl: Corporate installations including digital signage, experience centres and building automation. In rental and staging there is growth in 4K video gear (servers, switchers, screens).

France: fresh opportunities
What current macro-economic factors are influencing investment?
Christophe Malsot, country manager, Creston: The economic downturn has meant a number of companies and headquarters having to restructure; many are moving to smaller buildings and therefore redeveloping their AV networks. This was a good trend for our market. The high-end residential market was more impacted by the crisis and we notice a decrease here.
Gwenaelle Villette, business development manager, Peerless-AV: France is ranked third in Europe for digital signage growth after Germany and UK. We expect more favourable conditions in the next six months with new jobs created, and higher customer demand leading to more projects and an expansion in vertical markets.
Vladimir Aubin, sales director EMEA, BroadSign: Business can be expected to slow down six to nine months prior to the next presidential election in spring 2017.
Where is the main focus of activity and investment?
Villette: The Ile-de-France/Paris is still the main focus. However, some big integrators in the north around Lille and others in the region of Lyon have significantly increased their business.
To what extent has Euro 2016 galvanised AV?
Malsot: This is a great opportunity for French companies. Many stadiums (such as the Stade de France and Parc des Princes) have been refitted. The construction of new stadiums (in Lyon and Lille) also brings new business.
Villette: Outdoor displays into bars and cafes are a real opportunity as customers want to sit outside to watch international football games.
What other major projects are there?
Colin Farquhar, ceo, Exterity:  The authorities aim to create a mega-university which will encompass 19 of the most respected institutions countrwide with its own requirements for internet and Wi-Fi connectivity and pro AV.
AV Magazine: The €30bn ‘Grand Paris’ is a massive effort to improve infrastructure and transport by 2030 including an ambitious plan to create an automatic metro – the Grand Paris Express – and 72 new stations.
Which verticals are seeing strongest growth?
Malsot: Corporate remains strong and is still developing with solutions like 4K, bringing fresh opportunities. Recently, the hospitality market had a big increase with hoteliers wanting to create a new experience for their customers with AV/automation solutions.
Villette: Retail and transportation are considered the most important and showing most potential.
Aubin: Retail, corporate and banking are ‘hot’ at the moment. There’s a lot that can be done in these venues through DOOH communications and messaging to engage with a specific audience, increase brand awareness/loyalty and augment spending.
Which product sectors are in demand now?
Malsot: The switching of HD AV signals. 4K distribution is increasingly required for larger companies (such as banks and  insurance firms). We also see a trend toward collaborative solutions which enable IT, AV and facilities managers to optimise workspaces and building operations.

Middle East : Customer-facing projects make an impression
How’s the current business climate?
Eleuterio Fernandes, ME/Africa sales director, Exterity: The Middle East AV market will be worth $2.76bn this year (InfoComm International) of which the UAE will account for $1.24bn.
Mig Cardamone, sales and marketing director, Sennheiser ME: Confidence is returning with announcements of the mega projects that Dubai had become renowned for. Most of those have extensive AV requirements, but hopefully with a little more realism than was previously the case.
What do clients want from pro AV?
Steve Scorse, vice-president EMEA, SiliconCore: Impact to grab attention. A lot of the projects in Dubai are customer facing, with those in hotels, hospitality, transport and leisure geared towards tourism so these need to make the right first impression and establish each place as a destination, rather than just provide a functional solution.
How is this impacting AV routes to market?
Jan Tarakji, general manager, Pro Lab Trading: Highly competitive local companies that are more in tune to their client’s requirements are pushing out well established global players. There are too many players with access to non-exclusive brands which ultimately leads to price wars; excessive competition is sometimes downright dirty. The lack of general AV knowledge provides a lifeline to non-professional companies to operate here.
Cardamone: A reputation for delivering the ‘biggest and best’ projects fosters a can-do attitude that pushes the boundaries of AV technology.
How does Qatar AV compare?
Stephen Harvey, managing director, LM Productions: Business culture is less mature than Dubai. On-going business costs are high and there’s a lot of red tape in government tenders. It’s not an area you step into lightly. Many companies come to Qatar thinking they’re going to make quick money and are disappointed. You have to be in it for the long term.
How does business in Saudi Arabia compare?
Fernandes: It has remained quite stable and investors view it as an attractive place to do business, largely due to economic diversification, market liberalisation and a growing private sector. As a much larger country than the UAE, Saudi projects are also grander.
The eastern province hosts energy developments that are significant drivers of AV; the western region reaps the benefits of seasonal upticks in AV activity, particularly leading up to Hajj. The government mandates particular requirements for all commercial businesses like malls, hotels and airports.
What are the region’s key projects?
AV Magazine: Asian Games Cup 2019 and World Expo 2020 in Dubai. Smart City projects in Dubai and Saudi Arabia. FIFA World Cup 2022 Qatar is driving development including $45bn planned community Lusail.
Scorse: The government is the biggest client in the UAE, with AV high on the list of requirements for transforming facilities into smart buildings. Other hot sectors include corporate for auditoriums, lobby displays and meeting rooms for HQs, from the army and police to UAE-founded companies such as Emirates Airlines and global corporations with UAE head offices. The investment market is also growing with local market and multinational firms on the rise.

Eastern Europe: Poland dominates market and innovation
What macro-economic factors are influencing the AV market in the region?
Mariusz Orzechowski, director, NEC Display Solutions Europe; president, Polish Digital Signage Association (PDSA)/ founder member, POPAI Poland: In Central, Southern and Eastern Europe (CSEE), large investments are mainly carried out using EU funds and money from local budgets. More than half of AV investments in the region are implemented in Poland and these tend to be the largest and most advanced solutions. However, in Poland there are rapid political changes following October’s parliamentary elections with as yet undetermined consequences for the economy.
The crisis related to Syrian refugees could mean substantial public funds are frozen in individual countries to assist refugees. Shifting budgets to social needs may result in a reduction of funding elsewhere for AV projects.
What are the characteristics of Polish AV?
Orzechowski: Outstanding AV integrators can be found in every CSEE country, and the challenges and verticals in AV markets are very similar. But Polish companies are the greatest in number and are characterised by their creativity and initiative in developing bespoke AV solutions (producers of proprietary software, sensors, and mounting accessories).
Are there specific AV initiatives in Poland?
Orzechowski: Increasingly important is the Integrated Multimedia Systems Event (IMSE). It is held in Krakow and supported by InfoComm and the PDSA. The largest event for AV channel partners is the NEC Competence Days Pro AV Solutions training, held in Krakow each autumn. The PDSA is a common ground for major players in digital signage.
Which verticals are  growing?
Orzechowski: In all CSEE countries interest in video walls is growing most rapidly. This includes monitoring and control rooms, crisis centres.
Poland is remarkable in all of Europe for the number of AV systems in museums. Here, the professional and creative impact of Polish designers and integrators is most apparent.
The transport sector is still very attractive for AV systems in the entire CSEE. Corporate communication is gaining in importance and besides common retail signage in supermarkets and malls, we note the popularisation of digital signage systems, including video walls and sales networks from telecom outlets to banks.

Russia: Recession and sanctions biting
How is the business climate?
Timur Goncharenko, sales representive, Peerless-AV: Unfavourable. The country is facing a long and deep recession. Key factors influencing this are low oil prices, sanctions and isolation from overseas financial markets. Investment in AV has slowed down since access to bank loans has decreased, interest on loans has increased and the exchange rate has doubled.
Michael Nevzorov, senior business development manager, Mitsubishi Electric:  Together, these factors mean that few new projects are being commissioned, and those that are approved, or are necessary for the country’s vital infrastructure, have restricted budgets.
What AV activity is being commissioned for World Cup 2018?
Goncharenko: Investment is concentrated in stadium AV infrastructure and hotel AV in 13 cities and 16 stadia including Kaliningrad, Krasnodar, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.
Nevzorov: Budgets have been protected, to some extent, for AV solutions for public safety and the World Cup. International trade regulations mean that local manufacturers and system integrators have a distinct advantage over overseas companies tendering for these contracts.
What distinguishes Russian AV?
Nevzorov: If we omit the current macro-economic difficulties… the market is very dynamic and creative. System integrators are not afraid to challenge technical difficulties and are very flexible in adapting solutions to customer needs. Another characteristic is very tight project lead times. When the customer calls with an initial inquiry, they often expect a quotation for the whole project on the same day –  and many Russians can do that!
Goncharenko: Import substitution is the key factor influencing AV business. With budgets cut, the technical requirements from clients remains the same which can mean more low quality/low reliability products being installed, even in major projects.
Where is the main focus of investment centred?
Goncharenko: All the main projects and key integrators are based in Moscow. Occasional big projects exist elsewhere (such as the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics).
Nevzorov: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yekaterinburg and Novosibirsk. Other cities might be strong in specific verticals – the small city of Surgut is one of the county’s main oil centres and therefore oil industry-related projects are quite common.
What other major projects are in the works?
Nevzorov: Ambitious plans to modernise old or build new airports, and many cities desperately need intelligent traffic control systems. Oil and gas remains a significant industry, especially with plans to extract oil in the Arctic zone and the construction of a new gas pipeline to China.
Goncharenko: Digital signage in museums, cultural centres, retail.
AV Magazine: DreamWorks Animation plans to open an indoor theme park located south of Moscow in 2018 and two others at St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg.

Scandinavia: Denmark and Sweden thrive but Norway slows
What macro-economic factors are influencing the AV market?
Mads Norskov, sales director, Imago Sonas: The economy in Denmark is stronger now. There’s a lot of construction work. New hotels, conference centres and office buildings are being built this year.
Trond Solvold, sales manager, Dataton: Stavanger in Norway has been an AV frontrunner, but investment is on hold when it comes to everyday projects due to low oil prices.
What cultural characteristics mark out Scandinavian AV from the rest of Europe?
Solvold: The Danish are traditionally very strong on creative design and visual thinking; Norwegians are quick to weigh up and incorporate new trends; Swedes have a very open attitude to new technologies and ideas.
More broadly in Scandinavia, there’s a strong principle of standing by what you say, an honesty sometimes misconstrued as naivety. We also strive to reach decisions as a group in the belief that the best decisions are based on consensus. This applies to decision-making on both creative and product development fronts.

Should the industry treat Denmark, Sweden and Norway as one region?
Nørskov: Viewed from abroad you will find a lot of similarities. When talking to partners in Sweden and Norway, I can see we succeed with a lot of the same things. But we are still different (in our languages), and a lot of companies fail having approached Scandinavia as one region. You need to have local presence.
Solvold: Different mentalities open doors. The Danes are tough negotiators. Swedes are strong on consensus, which can make the decision making process longer. In Norway, it has previously been easier to get acceptance for prices, probably because the Norwegian economy has been strong for so long.
Where is the main AV activity centred?
Nørskov: In Jutland, the harbour area in Aarhus, has changed from an industrial area, to one with offices and apartments. We’ve also seen Danish museums taking AV to a new level in the last couple of years (Mosegaard Museum outside Aarhus; the Maritime Museum in Helsingør).
Solvold: Gothenburg is a hotspot as it has a lot of heavy industry. Malmo and Lund in the south of Sweden are part of the thriving Oresund region, which includes Copenhagen. And let’s not forget Dataton’s own home region, East Sweden, which has become a centre for visualisation technologies.
Which major projects should we look for in Denmark?
Norskov:  Copenhagen airport is always in development as it expands. Installation of the new Rock Museum in Roskilde is happening now.
Which market verticals are seeing strongest growth?
Norskov: Digital Signage and video conferencing grows every year with consequent demand for video walls, outdoor LED screens and better meeting room audio. Scandinavia generally, and Copenhagen in particular, encourages ‘smart and green’ investments.

Southern Europe: Education and signage stand out in Spain
How dynamic is the Spanish AV market?
Joan Maria Aixa Herrero, director, Maverick Iberia: Spain is an innovation hotspot, with large numbers of young companies developing digital signage solutions, or strong educational projects. Despite a significant improvement in the economy recently, unemployment is still above 20 per cent. So, it is positive in terms of investment but organic growth is slower than expected.
What cultural characteristics define Spanish AV firms?
Aixa: They are always willing to export their business into other European countries, and into Latin America where shared language is a considerable advantage.
What distinguishes Portuguese AV?
Aixa: Companies that operate there are limited by the size of the market. This forces them to develop new business in regions that have been Portuguese colonies in the past. These opportunities, especially in select African countries, can be massive and it really sets Portugal apart, compared to the rest of Europe.
Is the situation in Italy different?
Stefano Previtali, regional account manager, Powersoft: The difference between Italian AV and the rest of Europe is huge. There’s a lack of professionalism and respect. If something goes wrong, if the location is not good for the kind of show or the sound is unmanageable or nobody can see the projections, they will point the finger at the AV manager.
Is there any hope for the Italian AV market?
Previtali: Perversely, the economic crisis means companies with bad attitudes are losing out, while those providing the best answer to the market in terms of quotations, knowledge and technology are slowly winning through. Interestingly, price is becoming less important in favour of the solid organisation of events. So the situation is changing… but not as rapidly as it should.
Which verticals are seeing strongest growth?
Aixa: In education, Spain is probably – after the UK – the country with the most public investment introducing AV into the classroom. The volumes of interactive flat panels are small compared with traditional IWBs but overall sales grew 400 per cent in 2015. We expect a further boost in sales in 2016 and 2017.
Which products are in demand there now?
Aixa: Digital signage has the highest demand, and there’s further interest in everything related to cloud and big data required to manage information from beacons to facial recognition software. AV companies need to understand the importance of dealing with this kind of technology. From a meeting room point of view, we’ve seen a big interest in Microsoft Surface Hub, ahead of its introduction.

Monday, 15 February 2016

Slashing costs on location with F5/CP2

VMI

Nightime inside a large country house. The camera moves from golden, candle-lit rooms to equally atmospheric dark moonlit shadows as the suspence cranks up into spine-tingling horror. 
Occurring near the beginning of forthcoming feature Fox Trap, the scene is a favourite of its director of photography Beatriz Delgado Mena.
“Many horror films are shot with harsh colours but we deliberately went for a low key light with warmer colours for inside and blue imagery for external shots,” she explains. “I also liked the last day of the shoot when we lit the inside of the house through a window with a 2k Fresnel to capture the look of sunset and shadows beautifully.”
Fox Trap reunites a group of school friends in a remote manor house and has them targeted by a masked maniac hell bent on revenge. Harking back to the low-budget slasher pics of the 1980s, such as Curtains (1983), House on Sorority Row (1983), British indie Proportion Productions sought the high quality and expressionistic production values of films such as Dario Argento's classic Inferno (1980) and I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997).
Debut director Jamie Weston and his DOP sought to give the piece a distinct look and rhythm by mixing handheld camera work with smooth tracking shots on dollies and tripods.
“Jamie and I both come from artistic backgrounds and wanted to give this an elegance rather than the harsh and direct look that is common to the genre,” explains Delgado Mena. “We felt that tracking would allow us cover lots of scenes with one take, showing the whole of the action and making the story more immersive for the audience.”
The producers selected to shoot with a Sony PMW-F5, a camera Delgado Mena was very familiar with having used it to lens her previous feature, Rancour – coincidentially also a horror.
“The F5 was a perfect choice for this type of film,” she explains. “It is efficient and versatile, giving me a wide lens choice.”
Delgado Mena had her pick from a set of six lightweight Zeiss Compact Primes (ranging from 18mm T.3.6 to 21mm 35mm 50mm 28mm and 85mm). Recording was made in S-Log2/3 to SxS Pro cards and backed up on set.
“It may not be an Alexa but it is still a very good camera,” she says. “VMI did a great job securing a whole package for us at a very good price and supporting us for the whole month of shooting.”
The package included dollies, tracks and shoulder rig as well as 5.6” TV Logic viewfinder monitor, an ND filter and four Pro-Mist filters, which provided the dominant aesthetic.
Two HMI 1.2Ks and a 2K Fresnel plus three 150W Dedolights and a 800W Redhead lamp were on Delgado Mena's lighting cart.
“On a low budget production the schedule is tight and you have to be prepared to do multiple jobs,” she says. “On Fox Trap we mostly worked nights night shoots from 5pm to 5am giving us little time to see rushes. An audience won't be aware of any of this. They won't know how tight the schedule was or that I was both camera operator and focus puller. But I was very satisfied with what we achieved. With the resources we had, we made it work and I don't think it could look any better.”
Principal photography took place in January on location in Somerset with the picture timed for a May 2016 theatrical release.

Thursday, 11 February 2016

UK VFX going above and beyond

Screen Daily

UK facilities have grown on the back of rising demand for visual effects but pressure to meet deadlines is impacting business models and employees.



As the complexity and scale of visual effects productions has rocketed, VFX post production shops have morphed from cottage industry to multi-national enterprise.

As a gauge, the films which ushered in the era of computer generated imagery, Terminator 2: Judgement Day (1991) and Jurassic Park (1993), each contained around 50 VFX shots. By comparison, 2009's Terminator Salvation used 1250 shots, and 2015's top performing release Jurassic World boasted 2000.

These volumes are becoming routine and in a decade will likely look as insignificant as those from movies of the 1990s.

Six years ago a large production would carry maybe 1200 shots. Now these are regularly at 2000,” says Fiona Walkinshaw, joint MD, Film, Framestore. “That's a lot of work and data to generate so companies like us need scale even to win partial awards.”

Framestore was founded at the dawn of CGI in 1986 and now spans the Atlantic with 1000 people in London, New York, LA and Montreal.

Double Negative started out as a boutique in 1998 with 30 staff, before merging with Prime Focus World’s creative services subsidiary in June 2014 to create the world's largest visual effects company with around 4,500 employees.

Recently the sector has undergone further consolidation. In July, Cinesite acquired Vancouver’s Image Engine, contributor of shots for Jurassic World; and Technicolor, owner of MPC, paid £190 million ($290m) in September for shortform VFX giant, The Mill.

Cinesite's strategy began with the opening of a animation studio in Montreal in mid-2014, creating 250 jobs and raising its global headcount over 400.

When you are a mid-range company, as Cinesite was, you are a half-way house where you are not necessarily considered for the really big tentpole movies yet you are too large for those with smaller budgets,” explains MD Antony Hunt.

With a footprint in Vancouver, Montreal and London we have close to 800 people and we can ramp up production to meet larger VFX tenders,” he says. “There are cost savings too in using similar software tools and pipelines without having to outlay huge new expenditure on equipment.”

The demand for VFX shows no signs of stopping. The top twenty highest grossing films are consistently dominated by VFX-heavy titles. Among them last year: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2; Ant Man; Furious 7 and Avengers Age of Ultron.

Marvel's Ultron featured more than 3000 VFX shots, the most for any studio release, yet its in-production titles Dr Strange and Guardians of the Galaxy 2 (the original contained 2750 shots) could soon eclipse it.

VFX software and skills are increasingly integral to many productions outside of summer releases. Cinesite created 138 photoreal environment shots for The Revenant, for example, and Warner Bros. tasked Framestore with completing digital jungle and forests for Jungle Book: Origins to save the expensive of sending a large crew on location to Argentina.

It is rare for a studio to entrust this size of work to a single vendor, (Ultron, for example, featured the work of 12 VFX houses), instead booking multiple shops to achieve not just scale but access to financial rebates.

Dneg's tie-up with Prime Focus gave it overnight access to productions seeking to tap the highly attractive tax credits of Vancouver, where PF had a division.

Canadian cities have been competing with each other to provide the most enticing incentives, luring productions like The Lego Movie sequel from Hollywood. British Colombia has been most aggressive, offering a 17.5% specific digital animation, and VFX rebate on top of the Canadian government's 33% film and TV production credits. Sony Pictures Imageworks relocated to Vancouver from Culver City while ILM, Digital Domain, Cinesite and MPC operate there.

In contrast the UK offers 25% tax relief, boosted last April when the qualification to receive it was reduced to 10% of total production budget.

We can't control where a studio will go but since all [rival facilities] bid on the same work that means having a foot in key markets,” says Hunt. “A production might shoot 80% physical work in the UK to maximise tax breaks but post produce in Canada to gain financial advantage there.”

Scale is important if you have severe deadlines and you know they can throw people at it, but talent, reputation, cost and availability are equally valid criteria,” says visual effects producer Barrie Hemsley, who assigned VFX sequences for The Martian to facilities including ILM, MPC and Framestore.

Having access to rebates may help you get the job done for the money, but a smaller facility specialising in a certain skillset is also worth considering.”

Profit margins are under pressure regardless of size, but as facilities expand, the pressure to win work and pay high numbers of salaried staff rises. “Wages are 50 percent of overheads,” reports Lucy Ainsworth-Taylor, MD and founder, Bluebolt which employs 65 artists. “They all have to be working. We cannot afford to carry any dead wood.”

Facilities must also continually update their software and storage systems. UK vendors also bear the burden of Soho's sky high rent.

You need to be near the post houses doing DI (Digital Intermediate) so you have to be in Soho,” says Ainsworth-Taylor. “But how do you offer value for money with enormous overheads and crippling rent?”

Ainsworth-Taylor intends to keep Bluebolt operating 50/50 between film and TV VFX and to select projects that allows her to maintain the company at its current size.

The cost, complexity and scale required of post houses for tentpole movies is huge and post production deadlines so narrow that you need big resources to push them through,” agrees Hunt. “The post period is so compressed that studios don't tend to put 1000 shots through one facility. Because of the pressure on post they spread the load accordingly.”

The VFX industry learnt a lesson following the collapse of prestigious LA facility Rhythm & Hues in 2013 after it overstretched itself financially on production of Life of Pi.

You have to know how to run VFX as a business and you've also go to know when to stand up to a client,” says Ainsworth-Taylor. “Never agree to a deal without checking that everything can be achieved on time or without anticipating last minute changes.”

The business is very pressurised, driven by deadlines and client's changing their minds at the last minute,” agrees Framestore's Walkinshaw. “The director and the studio are always pushing for what they believe is the best possible cut and VFX can only respond to that. It's always a negotiation but hopefully, after having worked with a client for a year, you can work it through.”

Manning divisions in different time zones, often with less expensive labour, can enable a VFX facility to operate around the clock. MPC has an outpost in Bangalore and Dneg recently established a shop in Mumbai (it already has a facility in Singapore) with work on The Huntsman: Winter's War for Universal inked in there.

A number of VFX facilities have not run their business well,” asserts Tim Sarnoff, president production services and deputy CEO at Technicolor. “They have fooled people into thinking they can produce good work at less than cost, and it squeezes those of us who know that you can’t maintain a healthy business by slashing budgets. Our philosophy is to create the highest-quality content and we believe that comes with a premium.”

There are concerns that deadline pressures can knock-on to staff, particularly in unpaid overtime. Broadcast and cinema union BECTU launched a campaign targeting this in September and says membership has “rocketed” as a result.

Our members don’t believe their management are managing them well,” says Paul Evans, BECTU national officer. “Hundreds have joined which is a sign of the strength of feeling.”

BECTU has amassed the 50% of workforce (around 65 members) it says it needs to solicit trade-union recognition at MPC's compositing department. That would mean that legally BECTU could bargain collectively on behalf of those employees on overtime pay.

Evans says membership is rising at facilities including Framestore and Double Negative which could lead to demand for recognition.

Studios are aware that their actions have consequences but they are not looking to sting people out of pay,” says Hemsley. “They do expect to get what they paid for, in time and at the right quality and they will demand changes to perfect the picture. The problem is that those doing the work will inevitably suffer from unrealistic deadlines. No one is ever asked not to work late to change a shot – they just want to know if it is possible. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of vendors in post to manage this.”



Box this: Facilities seek production stake

UK VFX facilities are diversifying as a strategy for growth, some identifying development of their own IP as a business opportunity.

Cinesite, Double Negative and Framestore have launched animation wings with mixed results. Framestore Feature Animation co-produced The Tale of Despereaux for Universal in 2008 but have not followed this up. Framestore's Wilkinshaw suggest the company's IP lies in projects like Light Box, the LED-lit studio it designed with cinematographer Emmanuel Lubezki to make Gravity.

In April 2014 Dneg simultaneously launched a feature film and feature animation arm. The former was billed as providing VFX support and investment to British-qualifying productions in the £2-10m range in partnership with Apollo Productions. The latter, Locksmith Animation, was described as the UK’s first dedicated high-end CG feature animation studio and backed by Elizabeth Murdoch with former Aardman creative director Sarah Smith at the helm. Neither has announced any projects.

Family skewed Charming, due this year, is the first fruit of a production pact between Cinesite and Shrek producer John Williams' 3QU Media, produced out of Cinesite's Montreal studio.

This is an important step in Cinesite’s strategy to develop our own creative intellectual property and a slate of original animated films,” says Hunt.

Technicolor is putting its weight behind virtual reality. Its acquisition of The Mill capped a 18-month spending spree in which it bought Toronto film and TV VFX outfit Mr X and Paris animation and VFX specialist Mikros Image.

No matter how big everyone thinks VR will be is, we believe it will be bigger and VR is exactly the type of business that Technicolor excels in," declares Sarnoff. “The Mill acquisition enables our Research and Innovation teams to lead the industry in the new demands of compelling storytelling.”